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Symbolic racism (modern-symbolic racism, modern racism, symbolic prejudice) is a coherent belief system that reflects an underlying unidimensional prejudice towards Black people in the United States. These beliefs include the stereotype that Blacks are morally inferior to White people, and that they violate traditional White American values such as hard-work and independence. These beliefs may cause the subject to discriminate against Black people and to justify this discrimination as a concern for justice. Some prejudiced people do not view symbolic racism as prejudice since it is not linked directly to race but indirectly through social and political issues. Sears and Henry characterize symbolic racism as the expression or endorsement of four specific themes or beliefs: #Blacks no longer face much prejudice or discrimination. #The failure of blacks to progress results from their unwillingness to work hard enough. #Blacks are demanding too much too fast. #Blacks have gotten more than they deserve. Symbolic racism is a form of modern racism, as it is more subtle and indirect than more overt forms of racism, such as those characterized in Jim Crow Laws. As symbolic racism develops through socialization and its processes occur without conscious awareness, an individual with symbolic racist beliefs may genuinely oppose racism and believe he is not racist. Symbolic racism is perhaps the most prevalent racial attitude today. ==Definition== In the aftermath of the African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955–68), many in America found old-fashioned (or “Jim Crow”) racism dissolving along with segregation. New forms of racism began to replace old-fashioned racism. Symbolic racism is a term that was coined by David Sears and John McConahay (1973) to explain why most White Americans supported principles of equality for Black Americans but less than half were willing to support programs designed to implement these principles. The original theory described three definitive aspects of symbolic racism: #A new form of racism had replaced old-fashioned Jim Crow racism, as it was no longer popular and could no longer be influential in politics as only a small minority still accepted it. #Opposition to Black politicians and racially-targeted policies is more influenced by symbolic racism than by any perceived or true threat to Whites' own personal lives. #The origins of this form of racism lay in early-socialized negative feelings about Blacks associated with traditional conservative values. The concept of symbolic racism has evolved over time but most writings currently define symbolic racism as containing four themes:〔 #Racial discrimination is no longer a serious obstacle to blacks' prospects for a good life. #Blacks' continuing disadvantages are largely due to their unwillingness to work hard enough. #Blacks' continuing demands are unwarranted. #Blacks' increased advantages are also unwarranted. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「symbolic racism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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